Sains Malaysiana 53(8)(2024): 1831-1441
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5308-09
Potensi Antivirus daripada Ekstrak Fermentasi Daun Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus) terhadap Virus Herpes Simpleks Jenis 1 (HSV-1)
(Antiviral Potential of
Fermented Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)
Leaf Extract against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1))
NORHAZNIZA AZIZ1,2, NOREFRINA SHAFINAZ MD NOR1,* & KOH, S.P.2
1Department
of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi,
Selangor, Malaysia
2Food
Science and Technology Research Centre, MARDI, P.O. Box 12301, 50772
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 9 Mei 2024/Diterima: 3 Julai
2024
Abstrak
Kewujudan virus rintang dadah dan mutasi virus baharu telah mendorong saintis untuk mengkaji terapi alternatif berasaskan produk semula jadi yang kaya dengan sumber bioaktif untuk merawat dan mengurangkan simptom jangkitan dengan lebih cekap. Dalam kajian ini, daun nangka telah difermentasi (JL) menggunakan kultur simbiotik gabungan bakteria asid asetik dan yis untuk menghasilkan ekstrak yang berpotensi sebagai agen antivirus terhadap virus
herpes simpleks jenis 1
(HSV-1). Ujian ketoksikan ekstrak telah ditentukan melalui asai MTT (3-[4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl
tetrazolium bromide) ke atas sel Vero bagi menentukan nilai CC50 dan hasil ujian ini mendapati kepekatan maksimum ekstrak yang tidak toksik untuk kajian antivirus ialah 15.17%. Kajian anti HSV-1 secara in-vitro, telah dinilai melalui tiga mod berbeza iaitu pasca rawatan, pra-rawatan dan virusid. Ekstrak JL didapati lebih berkesan sebagai antivirus secara pasca rawatan dan virusid dengan pendedahan terus ekstrak kepada HSV-1 selama 15 dan 30 minit telah merencat 100% aktiviti virus tersebut pada semua kepekatan ekstrak yang digunakan. Melalui analisis penjerapan dan pelakuran yang dijalankan, ekstrak JL dengan kepekatan 7.5% dan 15% didapati dapat menghalang virus memasuki sel. Hasil cerapan zarah virus menggunakan mikroskop transmisi elektron (TEM) mendapati interaksi JL secara terus pada zarah virus dapat memusnahkan sampul virus seterusnya merencat proses jangkitan. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan ekstrak JL mempunyai potensi yang baik untuk dibangunkan sebagai agen anti-herpes yang berasaskan sumber semula jadi.
Kata kunci: Antivirus; daun nangka; fermentasi; HSV-1
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant viruses and new viral mutations
encouraged scientists to investigate alternative therapies based on natural
products rich in bioactive resources for more effective treatment and lessening
infection symptoms. In this particular study, jackfruit leaves (JL) were
subjected to fermentation using a combination of acetic acid bacteria and yeast
cultures. The goal was to produce an extract with potential antiviral
properties against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). The toxicity of the
extract was assessed through the MTT assay (3-[4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl
tetrazolium bromide) on Vero cells. This test helped determine the maximum
non-toxic concentration of the extract for antiviral studies, which was found
to be 15.17%. The antiviral activity of the JL extract against HSV-1 was
evaluated through three different approaches: post-treatment, pre-treatment,
and virucidal. The findings indicated that the JL
extract was most effective in post-treatment and virucidal modes. Direct exposure of the extract to HSV-1 for 15 and 30 min resulted in
complete inhibition of viral activity at all tested extract concentrations.
Adsorption and fusion analyses demonstrated that the JL extract at
concentrations of 7.5% and 15% was capable of preventing the entry of the virus
into host cells. Further examination of virus particles using a transmission
electron microscope (TEM) revealed that JL extract's direct interaction with
the virus caused the destruction of the virus envelope and subsequent
inhibition of the infection process. These results demonstrate the potential of
JL extract as a natural resource-based treatment against HSV-1.
Keywords: Antiviral; fermentation; HSV-1; jackfruit leaves
RUJUKAN
AAT Bioquest, Inc. Quest Graph™ IC50 Calculator. https://www.aatbio.com/tools/ic50-calculator (Diakses 20 Jun 2020).
Adibah Bahtiar, Norefrina Shafinaz Md Nor & Nazlina Ibrahim. 2016. In vitro antiviral activity of styrylpyrone derivative-incorporated formulations against herpes simplex virus type-1. Malaysian
Journal of Microbiology 12(3): 228-232.
Agung Biworo, Efrilia Tanjung, Iskandar, Khairina & Eko Suhartono. 2015.
Antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) extract. Journal of Medical and
Bioengineering 4(4): 318-323.
Arvin, A., Campadelli-Fiume, G., Mocarski, E., Moore, P.S., Roizman,
B., Whitley, R. & Yamanishi, K. 2007. Human
Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bhattacharjee, C. & Dutta, A. 2013. Phytochemical and acute toxicity study of
leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical
Research 1(2): 78-81.
Buck, C.B., Day, P.M. & Trus, B.L. 2013.
The papillomavirus major capsid protein L1. Virology 445(1-2):
169-174.
Cheng, H-Y., Lin, T‐C., Yang, C-M., Wang, K‐C., Lin, L-T.
& Lin, C‐C. 2004. Putranjivain A from Euphorbia jolkini inhibits both virus entry and late stage replication of herpes simplex virus
type 2 in vitro. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 53(4):
577-583.
Cunha, A.C., Ferreira, V.F. & Vaz, M.G.F.
2021. Chemistry and anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 evaluation of
4-substituted-1H-1,2,3-triazole-nitroxyl-linked hybrids. Mol. Divers 25:
2035-2043.
De Logu, A., Loy, G., Pellerano,
M.L., Bonsignore, L. & Schivo,
M.L. 2000. Inactivation of HSV-1 and HSV-2 and prevention of cell-to-cell virus
spread by Santolina insularis essential oil. Antiviral Research 48(3): 177-185.
Dong, H., Wang, Z., Zhao, D., Len, X. & Zhao, Y. 2021. Antiviral
strategies targeting herpesviruses. Journal of Virus Eradication 7(3):
100047.
Hadigal, S. & Shukla, D. 2013. Exploiting herpes simplex virus entry for
novel therapeutics. Viruses 5: 1447-1465.
Kukhanova, M.K., Korovina, A.N. & Kochetkov, S.N. 2014. Human herpes simplex virus: Life
cycle and development of inhibitors. Biochemistry (Moscow) 79(13):
1635-1652.
Laavanya, D., Shivanand, S. & Balasubramaniam,
P. 2021. Current challenges, applications and future perspectives of SCOBY
cellulose of Kombucha fermentation. Journal of
Cleaner Production 295: 126454.
Leonard, W., Zhang, P., Ying, D., Adhikari, B.
& Fang, Z. 2021. Fermentation transforms the phenolic profiles and bioactivities
of plant-based foods. Biotechnology Advances 49: 107763.
Liu, F. & Zhou, Z.H. 2007. Comparative virion structures of human herpesviruses. In Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy,
and Immunoprophylaxis, edited by Arvin, A., Campadelli-Fiume, G., Mocarski,
E., Moore, P.S., Roizman, B., Whitley, R. & Yamanishi, K. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Masoud Parsania, Mohammad Bagher Rezaee, Seyed Hamidreza Monavari, Kamkar Jaimand, Seyed Milad Mousavi-Jazayeri, Mehdi Razazian &
Mohammad Hossein Nadjarha. 2017. Antiviral screening
of four plant extracts against acyclovir resistant herpes simplex virus type-1. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 30(4(Suppl.)): 1407-1411.
Mosmann, T. 1983. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival:
Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. Journal of
Immunological Methods 65: 55-63.
Muhammad Taher, Najah Fatehah Mohd Razali, Deny Susanti, Md. Atiar Rahman, Muh Ade Artasasta & Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria. 2022.
Phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Picrasma javanica: Quassinoids interest. Sains Malaysiana 51(3): 757-774.
Nogueira, F. & do Rosário, V.E. 2010. Methods for
assessment of antimalarial activity in the different phases of the Plasmodium life cycle. Revista Pan-Amazônica de Saúde1(3):
109-124.
Norhazniza Aziz, Koh Soo Peng, Rosmawati Abdullah, Nur Syazwani Abdul Hamid & Razali Mustaffa.
2018. The phytochemical and antioxidant characteristics of fermented jackfruit
(Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) leaves using single and mixed starter culture. Journal of Food Science
and Engineering 8(1): 55-60.
Nur Suhana, M.R. & Norefrina Shafinaz, M.N. 2018. Virucidal properties of Orthosiphon stamineus against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Malaysian
Journal of Microbiology 14: 590-578.
Nur Suhana Mohamad Ripim, Nuraini Fazil, Saidatul Ibrahim, Adibah Bahtiar, Yip Chee Wai, Nazlina Ibrahim & Norefrina Md Nor. 2018. Antiviral properties of Orthosiphon stamineusaqueous extract in herpes simplex virus
type 1 infected cells. Sains Malaysiana 47(8): 1725-1730.
Sarah Sabidi, Soo Peng Koh, Shazwan Abd Shukor, Shaiful Adzni Sharifudin & Yun Shin Sew. 2020. Safety assessment of
fermented jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) pulp and leaves in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food
Science & Nutrition 8(8): 4370-4378.
Schnitzler, P., Schneider, S., Stintzing,
F.C., Carle, R. & Reichling, J. 2008. Efficacy of
an aqueous Pelargonium sidoides extract
against herpesvirus. Phytomedicine:
International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology 15(12): 1108-1116.
Schuhmacher, A., Reichling, J. & Schnitzler, P. 2003. Virucidal effect of peppermint oil on the enveloped viruses herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro. Phytomedicine 10(6-7): 504-510.
Sharma, N. 2012. Process optimization for fermentation of wine from
jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.). Journal of Food Processing & Technology 04(02): 1-5.
Sheau Ting Yong, Paris Leonardo Lavin, Marcelo Aravena Gonzalez & Clemente Michael Vui Ling Wong 2023. A Talaromyces fungal species with strong
antimicrobial activity from Deception Island, Antarctica. Sains Malaysiana 52(1): 83-93.
Shogan, B., Kruse, L., Mulamba, G.B., Hu, A. & Coen, D.M. 2006. Virucidal activity of a GT-rich oligonucleotide against herpes simplex virus mediated by
glycoprotein B. J. Virol. 80(10): 4740-4747.
Smither, S.J., Lear-Rooney, C., Biggins, J., Pettitt,
J., Lever, M.S. & Olinger, G.G. 2013. Comparison
of the plaque assay and 50% tissue culture infectious dose assay as methods for
measuring filovirus infectivity. Journal of Virological Methods 193(2): 565-571.
Souza, T.M., De Souza, M.C., Ferreira, V.F., Canuto,
C.V., Marques, I.P., Fontes, C.F. & Frugulhetti, I.C. 2008. Inhibition of HSV-1 replication and
HSV DNA polymerase by the chloroxoquinolinic ribonucleoside 6-Chloro-1,4-Dihydro-4-Oxo-1-(Beta-D-Ribofuranosyl) Quinoline-3-carboxylic acid and its aglycone. Antiviral Research 77(1): 20-27.
Swami, S.B. & Kalse, S.B. 2019. Jackfruit
(Artocarpus heterophyllus):
Biodiversity, nutritional contents, and health. In Bioactive Molecules in
Food. Reference Series in Phytochemistry, edited
by Mérillon, J-M. & Ramawat,
K.G. Switzerland: Springer Nature. pp. 2237-2259.
Wang, W., Zu, Y., Fu, Y., Reichling,
J., Suschke, U., Nokemper,
S. & Zhang, Y. 2009. In vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and
anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 activity of Phellodendron amurense Rupr. from
China. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 37(1): 195-203.
Xiao, J., Liu, P., Hu, Y., Liu, T., Guo, Y.,
Sun, P., Zheng, J., Ren, Z. & Wang, Y. 2023. Antiviral activities of Artemisia
vulgaris L. extract against herpes simplex virus. Chinese Medicine 18(1): 21.
*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: efrina@ukm.edu.my
|